Bipolar Disorder
(Manic-Depressive Illness)

Bipolar disorder (also known historically as manic-depressive illness) is one of the most serious mood disorders.

The condition is characterised by episodes (phases) of mania and depression, and often by psychotic symptoms as well.

Clinically, even when a person is outside of an “episode,” the dominant symptom can be depression, with significant fluctuations in mood occurring over time.

The course of the illness often involves repeated episodes with periods of recovery, though not necessarily full remission.

The frequency of bipolar disorder in the general population is relatively low (about 1%).

However, milder forms of bipolar spectrum conditions, such as Bipolar II and cyclothymia, are estimated to occur much more frequently (around 5%).

It occurs equally often in men and women.

In total, approximately 600,000 people in Greece alone may be affected by bipolar spectrum conditions.

The causes of bipolar disorder remain largely unknown, but most evidence indicates a significant genetic component.

Nevertheless, the expression and course of the illness are strongly influenced by psychosocial factors, such as stressful life events and lifestyle.

Although there is still no complete cure, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy delivers the best possible outcomes.

Treatment typically includes:

• mood stabilisers

• anticonvulsants

• modern psychotherapeutic methods with cognitive-behavioural and psychoeducational elements.

With proper treatment and ongoing support, individuals with bipolar disorder can have a good course of illness and function satisfactorily in professional and social environments.